Mostrando entradas con la etiqueta menstruación. Mostrar todas las entradas
Mostrando entradas con la etiqueta menstruación. Mostrar todas las entradas

sábado, 21 de octubre de 2017

Óvulos, folículos, células madre y la madre que parió a algún cientifico


Se conoce el proceso de formación de óvulos y la tasa de perdida de los mismos a lo largo de la vida de las mamíferas (mujeres incluídas) pero no si esta pérdida tiene una finalidad fisiológica por si misma, aunque hay indicios que apuntan a que sí la tiene.
El que exista interés por averiguar esto ya es un paso mental muy importante, dado que en medicina se ha usado al hombre como patrón de la especie en demasiadas ocasiones. Sin embargo encontrar la función que cumple la pérdida de folículos (estructuras celulares que continene al óvulo en desarrollo) va a ser complicadísimo, porque el ovario mamífero es un órgano excéntrico y se resiste a la lógica que usamos con órganos más ‘convencionales’ como puede ser el hígado o la hipófisis (ambos también secretores de hormonas).
La pregunta es realmente interesante pero muy difícil de responder, Jose Pineda, créeme que me han asombrado muchas de las cosas que he averiguado para hacerlo (hacerlo a medias porque no he llegado a encontrar ningún estudio científico sobre una utilidad en concreto de esto, la mayor parte de se centran en la fertilidad y abordan el proceso de apoptósis de los folícios ováricos subsidiariamente). El caso es que más responderla (faltan datos), lo que puedo hacer es llamar la atención sobre lo extraordinario que es esto.

No me queda otro remedio que contar el proceso de formación y pérdida de folículos[1] (un pequeño aglomerado de células que cobijan, nutren, protegen y secretan hormonas necesarias para el desarrollo del óvulo) para abordar el tema. Me centro en los folículos porque es lo que realmente está sometido a muerte programada, muchos folículos desaparecen sin haber empezado a formar el óvulo. Intentaré alejarme del tono moralizantes que se usa en demasioados artículos sobre fertilidad que he consultado.
Antes unos datos curiosos. El primero es que la meiósis para formar óvulos es asimétrica, cada una de las dos divisiones genera una sola célula con citoplasma y otra que degenera. El segundo es que no se puede hablar de óvulo haploide propiamente dicho hasta después de la fertilización por el espermatozoide[2], porque la célula a la que llegan los espermatozoides es diploide y se divide después de que uno entre dentro de su citoplasma. Si esto no es raro…yo no sé lo que es ser normal.
¿A qué velocidad se pierden los folículos?. Si pensais que existe un realidad iluminada claramente por la ciencia y que no se ven contradicciones entre las distintas fuentes que se consultan…dedicadle un ratito a estos tres gráficos que indican el número de folículos en función de la edad de la mujer, correspondientes a diferentes modelos. Tanto en el primero como en el tercero el eje de ordenadas es exponencial, pero la curva distinta.
En el segundo se expresa el % de reserva ovárica, y afortunadamente el eje de ordenadas es lineal, porque permite ver el proceso más intuitivamente. Según este modelo, a los 15 años se ha perdido el 50% de los folículos. Pero los datos que facilitan los científicos contradicen esto también (hablan de pérdida de entre el 50 y el 70% en el mejor de los casos, como explico más abajo).
[La moraleja podría ser que si vas a leer trabajos sobre fisiología del ovario, ármate con un buen filtro de escepticismo, y mucha paciencia].
[Gráfico A de pérdida de folículos: Número de folículos en función de la edad de la mujer (antes del nacimiento se expresa en semanas y después en años) según varios modelos clásicos, Ovarian reserve - Wikipedia]
[Gráfico B de pérdida de folículos: Modelo ADC, porcentaje de reserva ovárica imagen de Folliculogenesis - Wikipedia]
[Gráfico C de pérdida de folículos:From Faddy MJ, Gosden RG, Gougeon A et al, Follicle Growth and Development]
Se dice las futuras niñas llegan a tener entre 6 y 7 millones de células germinales hacia las 20 semanas de concepción pero que a partir del proceso de especialización de estas células el número baja dramáticamente. Al nacer el ovario cuenta con entre uno y dos millones de folículos primordiales, y atención a esto, el número baja a entre 300.000 y 500.000 en el comienzo de la pubertad (y el por qué no se sabe con exactitud). Durante los años reproductivos los folículos bajan a una tasa de alrededor de 1.000 por mes. Alrededor del 99% de los folículos sufren atresia (degeneración y muerte celular programada) y tan solo 400 o 500 pueden alcanzar el estado de ovulación a lo largo de la vida de una mujer (en otras mamíferas placentarias las tasas son parecidas).[3]
Ya he llamado la atención sobre la pérdida de folículos antes de la pubertad, pero quiero detenerme otra vez en este dato. Hacia los 15 años de edad ya se han perdido el enrte el 70 y el 50% de los folículos,contando con una cifra de un millón de folículos al nacimiento, si usamos la cifra de dos millones el porcentaje de pérdida queda entre el 85 y el 75%. La tasa de pérdida mensual de folículos está por encima de los 3000 al mes, muy superior a la que ocurre después de alcanzado el desarrollo sexual.
Esto es muy interesante porque se difunden mucho los estudios de la universidad de Edimburgo (2010[4]) en los que remarcan que a los 30 años tan sólo quedan el 12% de los folículos al nacimiento…pero es que a los 15 sólo quedaba el 50%. Ahora bien, estoy enfocándome en el número de folículos no en fertilidad, tema todavía más complejo, pero he de decir que la calidad de los folículos dsiminuye con la edad, cosa que es bien sabida.
¿Pero para qué tantos folículos?. ¿Para concebir únicamente?, pues no debe ser así porque según este gráfico publicado en Nature[5] a partir de datos de trisomías conocidos a nivel mundial se ve que
[Imagen: incidencias de trisomías, todas, respecto a la edad materna expresada en años]
el porcentaje de las mismas baja claramente desde maternidades antes de los 15 a la intervalo 16–17. (Tengo que decir que no me acaban de convencer los estudios en los que no se publica lo que se ha hecho para descartar el efecto paterno en los problemas congénitos, sin embargo esta buena práctica está demasiado poco generalizada. Me interesó éste porque es un estudio mundial, e indica que a pesar de que hay dispersión en la edad de la menarquia -primera regla-, a los 14 las chicas están mucho menos preparadas para ser madres -e incluso para generar óvulos ‘de calidad’ usando términos que me fastidian pero que son los que se usan en asuntos de fertilidad- que a los 15 y 16). Por tanto el ovario pierde folículos a una tasa de 1000 al mes mucho antes de que la fisiología del cuerpo de la niña/chca esté en condiciones de llevar a cabo la maduración del ovocito. Esto no es una prueba concluyente, pero sí un buen indicio de que algo que no conocemos está ocurriendo durante ese periodo (y recuerdo que los ovarios no son las únicas fuentes de estrógenos, que tambien se generan en las glándulas suprarrenales, tejido adiposo y cerebro).
Normalmente contando estas historias se suele decir que esto es así, que la niña nace con los folículos que tendrá a lo largo de su vida (los ingleses emplean una metáfora muy potente hablando de ahorros en el banco) y sanseacabó. Pero es muy interesante que este relato tendrá que cambiar en poco tiempo porque poco a poco se está imponiendo la visión de que las mamíferas, mujeres incluídas, pueden fabricar nuevos óvulos a lo largo de la vida porque hay células madre en los ovarios. Esta teoría comenzó precisamente a partir del estudio de la apoptósis de las células de los folículos ováricos porque si quieres ver este fenómeno el ovario es el lugar. En 2004 Johnathan Tilly[6], de Harvard, descubrió que las células ováricas de ratones morían tres veces más rápido de lo supuesto , y aún así los ovarios seguían produciendo óvulos. Hipotetizó que había células madre en los ovarios capaces de formar nuevos folículos. Tras muchos contratiempos y mucha resistencia ya que va contra la visión aceptada en biología y la idea que se tiene como cierta en medicina consgiguió probarlo en ratones, y dio algunas pruebas de que esto también ocurre en mujeres.
La hipótesis de Tilly ha estado dando vueltas durante una década, ha encontrado fuerte oposición y también un importante apoyo en la ya mencionada universidad de Edimburgo, y finalmente se está imponiendo a partir de otro hallazgo casual hecho en pacientes sometidas a quimioterapia con ABVD[7], se encontró que tenían una densidad mayor de folículos que las mujeres sanas de su misma edad y que éstos eran ‘de más calidad’, como correspondientes a mujeres más jóvenes. Si esto ocurría es porque se habían fabricado ‘de novo’, Tilly estaba en lo cierto.
Pero aún así, incluso con un nuevo paradigma en el que las mujeres pueden generar folículos y óvulos después del nacimiento (cosa sobre la que queda mucho por entender) es innegable que la tasa de muerte de los folículos es asombrosa. No entro en asuntos de menopausia o fertilidad porque no me siento capacitada para hablar de esto pero si os interesa os recomiendo leer estos dos artículos: Eggs unlimited: an extraordinary tale of scientific discovery y First Evidence Emerges That Women's Ovaries Can Grow New Eggs.

Todo esto lo he contado para remarcar que hay mucho mundo más allá del embarazo en los ovarios y muchas incógnitas por explicar. Atendiendo a los estudios de Tilly la tasa de apoptósis es asombrosa, ¿y por qué?. Tras la pubertad las hormonas de la hipósifis provocan el inicio del desarrollo de varios folículos ováricos, entre 6 y 7 parece que son, de los cuales algunos llegan a generar una capa secretora de células que generan hormonas esteroideas (andrógenos y estrógenos) que son imprescindibles para regular el proceso ovulatorio. En un momento dado uno, o dos (normalmente en nuestra especie) de esos folículos se convierten en dominantes y los otros degeneran, y así nos explicamos la pérdida de como mucho 20 folículos por ciclo. Es verdad que pueden ocurrir pequeñas descargas de FSH la hormona que inicia el desarrollo de folículos en otros momentos del ciclo, y eso explicaría pequeñas pérdias adicionales. Pero es que el ratio de pérdida folicular mensual es de 1000 según diferentes estudios, y según Tilly más. Y si consideramos el modelo de células madre creando nuevos folículos, todavía mayor…¿Y por qué se pierden al mismo ritmo antes de la pubertad?.
[Corte transversal del ovario de perro (25 X) donde se muestran las diferentes etapas del desarrollo de los folículos ováricos. 1.- Folículo primario, 2.- Folículo secundario, 3.-Folículo terciario, 4.- Folículo de Graaf, 5.- Cuerpo lúteo, Inserto: Folículo preovulatorio. a.- Células de la granulosa, b.- Células de la teca interna, c.- Células de la teca externa, d.- Ovocito, e.- Corona radiada, f.- Antrum] Desarrollo folicular
En algunos trabajos se habla de la pérdida de folículos como la forma en que el reloj biológico funciona, pero es una idea post hoc, y ademas que roza la falacia, la pérdida es muy superior antes de la pubertad. Y en nuestros parientes cercanos no hay menopausia, el declive de la función ovárica corre paralelo al del resto del organismo, pero no un corte a una edad más o menos fija.
Se me han pasado por la mente muchas ideas relativas a la pérdida (y generación) de folículos, una de ellas es que sea un proceso que mantenemos de nuestros parientes anteriores a los mamíferos, con una generación y pérdida contínua de folículos. Otra es que mientras el desarrollo puberal no se ha alcanzado el cuerpo no sabe madurar apropiadamente los folículos y los pierde más rápidamente. Son sólo ideas, no pretendo que sean hipótesis. El hecho es que nadie sabe si este proceso tiene una utilidad desconocida para la vida de la mujer, aparte del asunto reproductivo, y que esta idea es bastante sólida. Se ha dicho toda clase de ideas alocadas sobre la utilidad del sémen para las mujeres, quien se quiera reir un rato que lea esto: Ocho propiedades del semen que seguramente no conocías , porque a los cientiífcos son como niños, les pierde hablar de penes y eyaculaciones. Pero lo que es absurdo es pensar que lo que ocure en el cuerpo de la mujer no tiene utilidad para la misma mujer, y muy triste pensar hasta dónde llega este olvido.
¿Qué misterio esconde el ovario que necesita tanta pérdida?. Como en Alicia en el país de las Maravillas, tal vez necesite correr mucho para mantenerse en el sitio, pero tal vez ocurran muchas más cosas que no conocemos en este órgano que ha adoptado un modo de actuar tan excéntrico en las mamíferas (en anfibias se sabe que tiene células madre que fabrican óvulos en el momento adecuado[8]).
Notas al pie

lunes, 12 de diciembre de 2016

Un recorrido por los artículos sobre la menstruación (y la menopausia) en este blog

Llevo más de siete años escribiendo este blog. No hago -apenas-artículos para celebrarlo, no pongo dibujitos de muñecos apagando velitas ni creo que eche de menos gente felicitándome por mi constancia o criticando la calidad de lo que escribo, a pesar de que sí que me gustaría tener interlocutores, de hecho este contínuo monólogo al que está destinado el blog es una de las mayores amenazas a su continuación.

Sin embargo es cierto que he tenido mucho tiempo para investigar sobre los temas que más me han llamado la atención, sin sentir la presión de tener que estar de acuerdo con las opiniones de quien pudiera leerme.
De este modo llegué a la menstruación en animales. Alguien me preguntó en Quora si los animales menstruaban y me encontré con un mundo de silencios y sobreentendidos, y con que la menstruación no es algo exclusivamente humano, y que de hecho muchos biólogos y médicos no tienen una visión generalizada sobre este asunto.

Así que he decidido recopilar lo que he escrito sobre menstruación y menopausia en animales por si a alguien le viene bien. Desde luego yo ofrezco mucha, pero que mucha más, información sobre el asunto que la wikipedia.

Sangre menstrual en una murciélaga, o lo que es lo mismo, una murciélaga con la regla. Adoro esta foto. Fuente de la misma: Wild Fulvous Fruit Bats


Sobre la menopausia:
http://vadebichos.blogspot.com.es/2016/11/do-female-animals-reptiles-mammals.html

Sobre la sangre menstrual y del parto en animales no humanos:
http://vadebichos.blogspot.com.es/2016/11/do-female-dolphins-menstruate-like.html

Sobre la endometriosis en hombres:
http://vadebichos.blogspot.com.es/2016/10/are-there-men-suffering-from.html

Sobre los animales que menstrúan, y cómo:
http://vadebichos.blogspot.com.es/2016/09/other-than-humans-what-animals.html

sábado, 12 de noviembre de 2016

Do female animals (reptiles, mammals, birds, etc) have menopause?


Another one from Quora, the site that used to have interesting contents, and then decided to go for quantity forgetting quality. So long, Quora, and thank you for all the fish.
But my content is still my content, agree?.

Ok, continuing with the topics related with menstruation, that great and very poorly understoood territory, we have to arrive to an important landmark, menopause. Enjoy...
____________________

We have to differentiate menopause from simple gradual senescence that gets to the declive of fertility in many animals. Fertility loss due to aging is found in all placental mammals, to give you an important reference.
Menopause should be understood as the loss of reproductive cycles and hence the possibility of producing offspring in females that still have a relatively long period of life ahead of them, just in the way we understand it in humans.Perhaps some biologists and physicians reading it find this definition very weird, as they focus their understanding of reproductive cycles in human models, and the loss of menstruations. But recent studies of animal menstrual periods, and mentruation indicate that we have to widen the concept to include the many phenomenons related to reproductive events in female animals.
Yes, menopause is known in some species of mammals such as rhesus monkeys, short finned pilot whales and other types of cetaceans as the Orca, laboratory rat and opposums. It has also been reported in some species of fish, such as guppies and platyfish; and birds as the budgerigar.
However, with the exception of the short finned pilot whales, such examples tend to be from captive individuals, and thus they are not necessarily representative of what happens in natural populations in the wild.

Short finne pilot whale, photo of Short-finned pilot whale

The controversy about menopause in chimpanzees:
To give you an example of an animal that has suscited many doubts about having or not a menopause period, the chimpanzee (in fact they are listed in the wiki article referring to menopause in animals, Menopause , but this is controversial as I will explain here). Although there have been some studies in captives chimpanzees pointing out that females tend to experience menopause after their 35 years (and I apologize because I haven't found many of them), later studies in wild chimpanzees contradict those ones stating that what in fact happens is that the senescence of the reproductive organs goes in paralel with the overall age declive. Also, there is an remarkable study of the Yerkes centers with captive chimps that agrees with this conclussion.




Auntie Ross a wild female was about 55 when this photo with his youngest son was taken. She lived 63, an incredibly longevity for any chimpanzee, both captive and wild, and in her final year there were fights among the males of her group to mate with her. As it is easily noticeable in the pic, she presents the signs of senescence, balding, greying and loss of shape, and still she was having her cycles. So this is a clear illustration of that what happens (at least in wild chimps) is that the senescence of reproductive cycles goes hand by hand with the normal aging declive.
Menopause in chimps? Or not? (Menopause not, aging).
The effects of aging on hormone and reproductive cycles in female chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes).  (Menopause in old chimps, using an indirect method of meassuring LH and FSH).
In my opinion, and here I am only expressing my personal thoughts, it would be very useful to rescue the former studies that talk about menopause in captive chimps, and investigate what type of feeding they had. Because I think that many problems in reproductive cycle are linked to nutritional factors.
There are also some articles that talk about menopause in captive gorillas (Female Gorillas Go Through Menopause, Zoo Study Shows ), but I think that when they study it in wild ones will find the same pattern that in captive versus wild chimpanzees.
About the evolutionary advantages of menopause in humans (women) pointed by some studies, I think that they are very hasty, and made with the tyoical mentality of having to explain it all as an adaptation phenomenom.
Menopause in animals is very poorly studied, as it is menstruation, so probably the mindset will change as far as more studies are made.

jueves, 3 de noviembre de 2016

Do female dolphins menstruate like other mammals? If so, why aren't they killed by sharks being attracted to their blood?

Oh, well, I'm talking about menstruations so often that on some ocassions I jest with the idea of recalling the blog vadereglas instead of vadebichos.
This is another approach to the matter of menstruation in mammals. I find this topic of menstruations not only interesting and important but also poorly investigated and explained so far. While docs continue telling that only women menstruate and there are only two models of reproductive cycles in  placental mammals, with or without menstruations, scientific proofs against this dualistic model are acumulating. So an urgent revision of this dual model (estrous cycles versus menstrous cycles) is needed, and a more generalistic view of the different cycles mammals have.

_______

Dolphins don't menstruate, however they bleed during labor. There is no data about how they manage to avoid sharks attacks, but it is a good question:

 They don't menstruate, I mean that they don't spell menstrual blood through their vaginas. I'm being very graphic in order to be very clear.
But there is a especially delicate moment when they do bleed, the delivery, as you may have guessed. I'm afraid that I don't know how they manage to avoid sharks attacks, as far as a few as almost none wild dolphin labor as been documented.  But it is a very reasobable question.



Image from http://imgur.com/gallery/fvJ1UfN, however i would like to know the author to give them credit. Love the vision of actual blood in this image of a dolphin labour.

Although female marine mammals don't mentruate, other mammals, besides women, do: 

 Coming back to menstruations and female mammals, generally speaking there are two different types of reproductive cycles called estrous cycles and menstrual cycles. Although they differ in a number of characteristics, the most significative one is that females with menstrual cicles shed the endometrium during the menstruation if they haven't became pregnant, while femaless (lucky them) with estrous cycles reasorb it or just maintain it.While it's very commonly believed that  many mammals menstruate, menstruation is only found in a few disparate  mammalian groups. Humans, other apes, and Old World monkeys menstruate.  (These groups form clade Catarrhini.) Some other primates may  menstruate. Although some scientists opine that only primates mensturate basing it in a very narrow vision of this phenomenon, menstruation has been found in four bat species in  two bat families, Phyllostomidae and Molossidae, and elephant shrews/sengis, relatives of elephants and aardvarks.

However, only women menstruate so copiously. Menstruation is such a great taboo that very few scientists have wondered how early women could cope with it in a enviroment full of predators. And none has answered this question.
But menstruation is only copious in human females.
I suffer my own bunch of problems related to menstruation, as many other women do. Due to them I have wondered many times how was it possible for early women to cope with abundant blood discharges in an enviroment full of predators, with the logical danger of attracting them.
I have not found any paper related to it. It seems that it is not a matter many investigators have thought worth to be studied.
There are tones of anthropological papers that describe ad nauseam customs related to menstruatio in tribal people, such as mentruation huts, celebrations of first menstrual bleed, etc. But they don't get into describing if those menstruations are abundant, painful or regular.
I have discussed these items with a friend who is also interested in menstruations, I have kinda of scientific background while she is more on the multicultural perspective. She said to me that some of her African friends, who have a totally different diet from ours, have reported her that they menstruate every two or three months (instead of monthly) and that their menstrual bleed is by no means so copious as ours. And they are fertile.

In my opinion, mentruations shouldn't be so copious or painful at all. It is an indicative that something is wrng in our lifestyle and many women are suffering for it. Menawhile this seems to follow unnoticied, talking about menstruation is minded as disgusting and even sceintits are unable to break the enourmous taboo we have with it.

martes, 25 de octubre de 2016

Are there men suffering from endometriosis? (¿Pueden los hombres sufrir de endometriosis?, en una traducción libre)

Incredible as it sounds...YES.
(But if you are a man, it is very unlikely you suffer from it, it is an extreme rare condition in men).

an elderly man undergoing treatment with TACE (chlorotrianisene), an  estrogen drug used to treat prostate cancer. The patient had been taking  TACE for over 10 years for an adenocarcinoma of the prostate, when  doctors found that he also had an endometrioma (mass of endometrial  uterine tissue) of the lower abdominal wall. In the report, doctors  denied the possibility of any remnant uterine tissue, but a postmortem  exam/autopsy was never performed to confirm their theory.
(Excerpted from Endometriosis In Men? - Page 2).


https://s14-eu5.ixquick.com/cgi-bin/serveimage?url=https%3A%2F%2Fs-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com%2Foriginals%2F6a%2Fa5%2Fb7%2F6aa5b778e9e6d3979d29fe33ed1be3d7.gif&sp=4706d328da981527fa996ce70ed06197
Source: https://es.pinterest.com/fredyeomans/endometriosis/. I would like to credit the author!. I don't quite agree with that endometriosis can't be prevented, because I think the situation is quite more complex than a simple yer or not, but in general it is a great chart.



Other than that there have only been six other cases of male endometriosis reported in locations such as the bladder, prostate and lower abdominal wall.  However, if we look at all of these cases, most of them have one thing  in common; they have been undergoing long term estrogen therapy for the  treatment of prostate cancer. This is quite important, as unusual  presentations of a disease can often give us clues as to how it arises  in women.
(Excerpted from http://www.empowher.com/endometr...).

You may think that the endo condition has only been found in elderly men undergoing hormone therapy for some reason, but there has been at least one report of endo in a young and healthy men:
One of the reports of male endometriosis was from a young man aged 27 who was otherwise  completely healthy, very different to the other reports which are mostly  much older men with prostate cancer. So not only was this an unusual  presentation of endometriosis, it was an unusual, unusual presentation,  if that makes sense. So what can this tell us about the disease as a  whole?
(Excerpted from http://endo-update.blogspot.com....).

Of course, next question is

  • What causes endometriosis in men?. Docs have advanced their hypotheses:

The authors of this report looked to the very beginning of the  development of the reproductive organs. Whilst still only a developing  embryo, there are different structures that will form the male and  female reproductive systems (there’s a nice illustration here). The female organs develop from the müllerian duct which in male embryos regresses because the embryo produces the imaginatively named müllerian inhibiting substance (MIS). The authors of this report suggest that exposure to certain  environmental toxicants (such as diethylstilbestrol or other hormone  disrupters) whilst the embryo is still developing, may lead to abnormal  production of MIS which in turn stops the müllerian duct regressing  properly, leaving small remnant patches of tissue that could, given the  right stimulus, develop into endometrial like tissue, which would appear  as endometriosis.
(Excerpted from http://endo-update.blogspot.com....).

To my understanding these arguments, while giving a (at least to an extent) convicing reason to why a man can develope endo, fail totally to explain when, where and to what extent does this condition develop.
Where can it grow is a key question. Do these cells remain undifferentiate in the tissues until some condition make them start acting as uterus shedding?. Can they migrate form one part of the body to another? (there are women suffering form endometrial cyst in the skin).
Understanding these factors could lead to significatively more effective health advices to the millions of women suffering from this condition. The lesson given we have to take from the plain fact that there are men affected by endo is that this disease needs a more indeep understanding to this serious illness that affects to an attonishing proportion of almost 10% of women.

Here there are some links to studies on endometriosis in men:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubm...
Extrapelvic endometriosis

As always I investigate some stuff about these conditions what comes to my mind is that one of the advandtages of studying them is understanding better the sequence of embroinic development. We shouldn't undervaluate what we can learn about them.
Apart from regreting that some men have to endure, of course.

viernes, 16 de septiembre de 2016

Other than humans, what animals menstruate?

Preface:

Yet another Quora question and answer.
In fact this is my pet answer. I had a great time investigating it. However, I have now a very low opinion about the role of Quora in divulgating highre than avergae-good nature related content. Maybe I'm wrong, but the changes introduced in the site, oriented to increase the flow of readers and public in general with the aim of monetizing it, have drowned good content in natural sciences. To my understanding there are good contributors in physics and other sciences, but biology has gone to the rubbish bin since then.
I really would like to be wrong, but I don't have the time of checking it.

So, by now, just a glimpse of what it was for me once.
______________


Understanding menstruation as the discharge, through the vagina, of blood, secretions, and tissue debris derived from the involution of the endometrium at the end of an infertile reproductive cycle, there there is well-documented evidence that the catarrhines (humans, apes, and Old World monkeys) menstruate and that the strepsirrhines (e.g. lemurs and galagos) do not. The data on New World monkeys are ambiguous. There is clear evidence that at least one species in each of the genera Cebus, Ateles, Alouatta, and Lagothrix exhibits menstruation. For other New World species, the data are conflicting. 
Some species of bats also present menstruation:  Molossus ater, a molossid bat, and Glossophaga soricina, Carollia perspicillata, and Desmondus rotundus, all phyllostomid bats, and Rousettus leschenaulti.
Menstruation has not been detected or studied in the majority of bat species; thus, it is unclear if menstruation evolved twice within Chiroptera or is more widespread in the clade. Finally, there is well-documented evidence of menstruation in the elephant shrew (Elephantulus myurus), a species belonging to the clade Afrotheria.
Observation of the vaginal bleeding of the fulvous fruit bat. The body weight of this one is 92.50 g, the full length from head to tail is 10.15 cm, and the forearm length is 8.30 cm. Magnified vaginal orifice during menstruation is on the lower left quarter. Wild Fulvous Fruit Bats 

 

So far, the list of animals that show menstruations, or overt menstruations as other authors call them (I don't like this nomenclature I prefer to call them menstruations. As a side comment I want to point that definitions and nomenclature regarding female reproductive cycles and menstruations are very vague and messy. It is hard to find a good description of the differences between menstrual and strous cycles, some scientits condider the reasorbing of the endometrium that happens in the majority of Eutherian species as "covert" menstruation, etc. The ambiguity of the literature here is very notorious and unfortunate).
Bellow this line some reflexions about the pehnomenom of menstruation in chimps and bats.
- Chimpanzees:
Apart from humans, the majority of reports of menstruations come from captive chimpanzees. This is a very interesting fact, because in spite of the many years of detailed and careful observations of wild chimpanzees the event of menstruation was firstly discovered in captive ones. The common argument to explain this (females frequently pregnant or lactating) fails because there is a prolongued period of teen infertility in young females:
In females first estrus is seen in females at 10 years of age and is characterized by anogenital swelling. Menarche occurs a few months after the first swelling and continues on a cycle of about 36 days (Goodall 1986). There is a period of adolescent infertility in female chimpanzees that usually coincides with permanent emigration from their natal groups (Goodall 1986; Nishida et al. 2003). During the transition period, females still exhibit sexual swellings that may serve as a passport to gain males' tolerance in their new social communities (Boesch & Boesch-Achermann 2000). Once established in their new communities, young females cease cycling for two to four years but continue to attract adult males and mate promiscuously. First parturition occurs, on average, between 13 and 14 years and the interbirth interval is between three and five years (Goodall 1986; Boesch & Boesch-Achermann 2000; Nishida et al. 2003).
Auntie Rose, about 60 here, grooms her 5-year-old son Mandela in Kibale, Uganda, from Menopause in Chimps? .
An interesting side analysis is that menopause is absent in wild chimps, although they show a decrease of fertility with age. However in captive females some authors point the onset of menopause about 35 years of age, while others deny it. In my opinion the absence of menopause in wild chimps is not due to their shorter lifespan, because they also undergo earlier menarches and the expand of the fertile years in older chimps mothers is bigger than in the average woman. Also the menopause reported in captive females ocurred after 25-27 years of reproductive cycles, while their  (obviously alive) wild counterparts are still fertile at these years.
For more reading see:
I have added studies that bear contradictory conclussions because I just don't want to cherrypick.
- Bats:
To my understanding, bats represent the biggest surprises here (which is to some extent logic, given that there are more than 1,000 species of bats). The findings in chiropterans can challenge what we have asumed referring to menstruations and menstrual cycles.
There are some interesting studies that demonstrate the presence of a conventional menstrual cycle, with its menstruation event included, in some species of bats, a phenomenom that was earlier supposed to be restricted to primates:
To our knowledge, this is the most comprehensive study thus far of menstruation in a nonprimate species. For the first time, we have observed two consecutive vaginal bleedings in a bat colony in its natural habitat. In addition, we have demonstrated that fulvous fruit bats (Rousettus leschenaulti) exhibit all the characteristics, both morphologic and hormonal, of a true menstruation during the 33-day cycle.
Reports of menstruation in Molossus ater:
As in menstruating catarrhine primates, the endometrium of Molossus ater is vascularized by spiral arterioles and populated by distincitve granulocytes containing large, acidophilic granules. Increased coiling of these arterioles did not appear to be an essential element in the mechanism of menstruation in this species. M. ater is a monotocous, seasonal breeder, with a relatively long gestation period. Although it has a bicornuate uterus, ovulation and implantation appear to occur only on the right side of the tract. The ability to menstruate probably affords this bat an efficient mechanism for eliminating a highly differentiated endometrium from the usual implantation site in the event of a reproductive failure. In the wild, this may provide M. ater with another chance to establish a pregnancy at a still opportune time during the same breeding season.
This study is extremely interesting because not only points to an event of menstruation in a seasonal breeders but also indicates that this phenomenon occurs in females that have not beed fertilized as a possible adaptation to provide another chance of stablishing a pregnancy during the breeding season. This is very contradictory with the asumptions we had regarding menstruations, that they are only present in mammals with menstrual cycles (menstrual cycles are continous, and the Molossus are seasonal breeders with estrous cycles), and that ovulation happens at the end of the cyle, because the observations of menstruation have been reported after mating and not being fertilized. In this excerpt from (Wild Fulvous Fruit Bats ( ) it is explained more explicitly:
Menstruation has been described only in microchiropteran bats [1215] and is thought to occur only after coitus. Captive short-tailed fruit bats (C. perspicillata) menstruate between Days 1 and 5 post coitus (p.c.; the first day when spermatoza were identified in vaginal smears was designated Day 1 p.c.) [12]. Red-mastiff bats (M. ater) menstruate between Days 4 and 10 p.c. [14]. Significant growth of the endometrium occurs between Days 5 and 16 p.c. in short-tailed fruit bats [12]. It is thought that microchiropteran bats menstruate after coitus because of fertilization failure or early embryo loss [15]. The occurrence of menstruation gives those microchiropteran female bats another opportunity to establish pregnancy during the same breeding season [12].
Therefore, it is thought that there are two main differences in menstruation between bats and humans. 1) Endometrial mitotic activity in humans occurs during the preovulatory phase and reduces soon after ovulation, while most endometrial growth in microchiropteran bats is postovulatory [12]. 2) Microchiropteran bats menstruate only after coitus [12, 14], whereas human menstruation is controlled by pituitary and ovarian hormones and is not dependent on coitus [1, 5].
_________________
In the comment section: